09 / 01
2021
陰道毛滴蟲(chóng)病診治指南(2021修訂版)
本指南為提高臨床醫師對陰道毛滴蟲(chóng)病的認識,規范道毛滴蟲(chóng)病的相關(guān)診治工作。
【摘要】陰道毛滴蟲(chóng)病系由陰道毛滴蟲(chóng)所致的性傳播感染,可同時(shí)累及生殖道及泌尿道,引起陰道炎、尿道炎、膀胱炎或無(wú)癥狀,常與細菌性陰道病、沙眼衣原體感染和淋病并存。陰道毛滴蟲(chóng)病可導致不良生殖健康結局。持續性陰道毛滴蟲(chóng)病已經(jīng)在我國出現,并成為臨床治療的難點(diǎn)。根據臨床表現和實(shí)驗室檢查如陰道分泌物懸液顯微鏡檢查或核酸擴增等診斷。治療方案包括甲硝唑2g頓服或替硝唑2g頓服,需要對患者的性伴同時(shí)治療,對持續性陰道毛滴蟲(chóng)病需要應用高劑量或超高劑量替硝唑治療。
陰道毛滴蟲(chóng)?。╰richomoniasis)系由陰道毛滴蟲(chóng)(trichomonas vaginalis)感染所致。傳統上陰道毛滴蟲(chóng)病被診斷為“滴蟲(chóng)陰道炎”。由于陰道毛滴蟲(chóng)可同時(shí)感染生殖道及泌尿道,可引起尿道炎或膀胱炎[1],而大部分患者無(wú)癥狀,本病現在更多被稱(chēng)為“陰道毛滴蟲(chóng)病”。陰道毛滴蟲(chóng)病屬于性傳播感染(sexually transmitted infection,STI),常與細菌性陰道病、沙眼衣原體感染和淋病并存[1?3]。
陰道毛滴蟲(chóng)病可導致不良生殖健康結局,包括子宮頸病變、子宮切除術(shù)后殘端蜂窩織炎或膿腫、盆腔炎癥性疾病、不孕癥、增加HIV感染易感性[1,4?6]、增加子宮頸癌風(fēng)險,尤其是陰道毛滴蟲(chóng)與HPV共同感染時(shí)增加子宮頸癌風(fēng)險更明顯[7]。陰道毛滴蟲(chóng)病還可能增加精神疾病風(fēng)險,特別是治療困難的陰道毛滴蟲(chóng)病患者精神疾病風(fēng)險更高[8]。妊娠合并陰道毛滴蟲(chóng)病患者早產(chǎn)、胎膜早破、低出生體重兒、新生兒滴蟲(chóng)感染和新生兒死亡發(fā)生率增高[1,9?11]。
陰道毛滴蟲(chóng)病對人體危害較大,持續性陰道毛滴蟲(chóng)?。╬ersistent trichomoniasis)是臨床治療的難點(diǎn)[12?14]。中華醫學(xué)會(huì )婦產(chǎn)科學(xué)分會(huì )感染性疾病協(xié)作組結合近年來(lái)陰道毛滴蟲(chóng)病的診治進(jìn)展,對2011年《滴蟲(chóng)陰道炎診治指南(草案)》[2]進(jìn)行修訂,以期提高臨床醫師對陰道毛滴蟲(chóng)病的認識,規范道毛滴蟲(chóng)病的相關(guān)診治工作。本指南適用于女性陰道毛滴蟲(chóng)病的診斷和治療。
一、流行病學(xué)
陰道毛滴蟲(chóng)病是最常見(jiàn)的STI,在不同國家和地區陰道毛滴蟲(chóng)病的發(fā)病率存在較大差異,范圍為0.3%~20%[15]。非妊娠期婦科門(mén)診患者陰道毛滴蟲(chóng)病的發(fā)病率為1.7%~4.5%,孕婦的陰道毛滴蟲(chóng)病發(fā)病率為1.7%~3.2%[16?17]。高危性行為、HIV感染、性伴數增加、低社會(huì )經(jīng)濟地位及陰道灌洗是陰道毛滴蟲(chóng)病的高發(fā)因素[1],我國陰道毛滴蟲(chóng)病的發(fā)病率較低。
二、臨床特點(diǎn)
1.感染途徑:陰道毛滴蟲(chóng)病的感染途徑主要為性接觸(異性或同性間)或垂直傳播(陰道分娩)[1]。潛伏期為4~28d[18]。目前已從陰道、子宮頸、尿道、尿道旁腺、巴氏腺、膀胱和輸卵管分離到陰道毛滴蟲(chóng)。
2.臨床表現:陰道毛滴蟲(chóng)病有癥狀者,可表現為陰道分泌物增多伴異味,分泌物黃綠色,伴有外陰瘙癢、灼熱感等刺激癥狀,并可出現性交困難、排尿困難、尿頻、下腹痛等;查體可見(jiàn)外陰陰道紅斑、水腫、有泡沫的黃灰或綠色的陰道分泌物、pH值增高(pH>6),約2%的患者出現草莓樣子宮頸[19]。陰道毛滴蟲(chóng)病患者也可無(wú)明顯癥狀,在經(jīng)培養證實(shí)的陰道毛滴蟲(chóng)病婦女中,只有11%~17%出現分泌物異常、瘙癢、排尿困難或陰道灼燒等[19]。85%的感染者無(wú)癥狀,1/3的感染者在感染6個(gè)月內出現癥狀[18],90%的患者存在泌尿道感染[20]。
三、診斷方法
陰道毛滴蟲(chóng)病根據臨床特征和實(shí)驗室檢查診斷。常用的實(shí)驗室檢查方法包括:
(1)顯微鏡檢查陰道分泌物懸液:可見(jiàn)活動(dòng)的陰道毛滴蟲(chóng),特異性高,但敏感性?xún)H有50%~60%[4]。采集陰道分泌物立即進(jìn)行顯微鏡檢查可獲得最佳效果;寒冷環(huán)境需要保溫,否則不活動(dòng)的陰道毛滴蟲(chóng)與白細胞很難區分。
(2)核酸擴增試驗(nucleic acid amplification test,NAAT):診斷敏感性和特異性均超過(guò)95%[4,21?23]。
(3)陰道毛滴蟲(chóng)培養:診斷敏感性為75%~96%,特異性高達100%,但臨床應用較少[1,24]。
(4)其他診斷方法:還包括陰道毛滴蟲(chóng)抗原檢測[4],其敏感性為82%~95%,特異性為97%~100%[25?26]。
陰道毛滴蟲(chóng)病屬STI,強調實(shí)驗室檢查在診斷中的作用。推薦對陰道毛滴蟲(chóng)病患者及其性伴同時(shí)檢查其他STI[1,27]。
四、治療
1.治療方案:治療陰道毛滴蟲(chóng)病主要選用口服硝基咪唑類(lèi)藥物,包括甲硝唑和替硝唑[1,19,28]。
(1)推薦方案:甲硝唑,2g,單次頓服;或替硝唑,2g,單次頓服。
(2)替代方案:甲硝唑,400mg,口服,2次/d,共7d。
硝基咪唑類(lèi)藥物的主要不良反應包括:惡心、頭痛、頭暈、皮膚瘙癢、不適、疲乏感、口渴、尿頻、水樣陰道分泌物、陰道流血及陰道瘙癢[1]?;颊叻眉紫踹?8h內或服用替硝唑72h內應禁酒。
由于陰道毛滴蟲(chóng)對甲硝唑的耐藥率為4.3%~13.3%,且耐藥率在不斷上升,替硝唑在臨床的使用越來(lái)越廣泛。與甲硝唑比較,替硝唑有以下優(yōu)勢:
(1)替硝唑有較強的抗滴蟲(chóng)效力,甲硝唑的24h最小致死濃度(minimal lethal concentrations,MLC)為1.6~3.2mg/L,72h MLC為1.60~3.83mg/L[29?30],體外實(shí)驗數據表明,60%的陰道毛滴蟲(chóng)分離株對替硝唑的MLC較甲硝唑低[31];
(2)替硝唑有更長(cháng)的有效作用時(shí)間,替硝唑的血漿消除半衰期為12~14h[12?13];
(3)患者的耐受性更好。甲硝唑方案對陰道毛滴蟲(chóng)病的治愈率為84%~98%,替硝唑方案的治愈率為92%~100%[1]。
2.性伴的治療:對陰道毛滴蟲(chóng)病患者的性伴應常規進(jìn)行治療,并告知患者及其性伴治愈前避免無(wú)保護性性接觸。性伴的治療選擇替硝唑或甲硝唑單劑量2g頓服[1,32]。
3.對硝基咪唑類(lèi)藥物過(guò)敏或不耐受者:可以選擇硝基咪唑類(lèi)以外的藥物治療,但療效較差,基層醫院建議轉給有經(jīng)驗的專(zhuān)家處理[1]。
4.隨訪(fǎng)和療效評價(jià):根據隨訪(fǎng)時(shí)陰道毛滴蟲(chóng)陽(yáng)性或陰性,評價(jià)為治愈或失敗。需要在治療后2~4周重復檢測評價(jià)療效[1,33?34]。需要注意區別陰道毛滴蟲(chóng)再次感染和治療失敗。使用NAAT檢測治療后陰道毛滴蟲(chóng)的DNA,陰道毛滴蟲(chóng)首次轉陰的中位時(shí)間為7d(0~84d),至完成治療后21d有85%的病例轉陰[34]。尚無(wú)證據支持需要對患者的性伴重復檢查[1]。
五、持續性陰道毛滴蟲(chóng)病
持續性陰道毛滴蟲(chóng)病是指由于硝基咪唑類(lèi)藥物耐藥、藥物吸收不足或藥物運輸不充分而導致的治療失敗[13?14]。持續性陰道毛滴蟲(chóng)病在國內已有報道[12]。陰道毛滴蟲(chóng)對替硝唑的耐藥率低于甲硝唑,為1%[1,31,35]。
診斷持續性陰道毛滴蟲(chóng)病時(shí)需要排除再次感染,評估患者的性生活情況和治療依從性,排除患者是否有其他合并癥[1,19,28]。
如果考慮再次感染,予再次單劑量甲硝唑2g或替硝唑2g頓服治療[1]。
如果推薦方案治療失敗,除外再次感染后,可選擇替硝唑2g口服,1次/d,共7d[1,19,28]。如果上述治療失敗,除外再次感染或治療依從性差者,有條件者進(jìn)行甲硝唑和替硝唑藥敏試驗,考慮應用高劑量或超高劑量替硝唑方案[1,19,28]。
(1)高劑量替硝唑方案:替硝唑1g,口服,每8小時(shí)1次,共14d,替硝唑總劑量42g。
(2)超高劑量替硝唑方案:替硝唑2g,口服,每12小時(shí)1次,共14d,替硝唑總劑量56g。
(3)應用高劑量或超高劑量替硝唑方案時(shí)均同時(shí)配合陰道應用甲硝唑等輔助藥物。
(4)高劑量或超高劑量替硝唑方案應請相關(guān)專(zhuān)家處理,由于藥物劑量超越說(shuō)明書(shū)規定范圍,需要簽署知情同意書(shū),有條件者進(jìn)行超說(shuō)明書(shū)用藥備案。
(5)需要對患者的性伴常規治療和檢查治療效果。
(6)絕大多數患者對大劑量替硝唑治療耐受良好,治療成功率高。
六、妊娠期和哺乳期陰道毛滴蟲(chóng)病
1.妊娠期陰道毛滴蟲(chóng)病的篩查:并無(wú)證據證明對孕婦常規篩查陰道毛滴蟲(chóng)病有益處,對孕婦篩查陰道毛滴蟲(chóng)病并不能降低早產(chǎn)發(fā)生率[1]。
2.妊娠期陰道毛滴蟲(chóng)病的治療:對妊娠合并陰道毛滴蟲(chóng)病進(jìn)行治療可緩解患者癥狀,避免新生兒陰道毛滴蟲(chóng)病,避免陰道毛滴蟲(chóng)傳播。為降低新生兒感染的風(fēng)險,妊娠期應對陰道毛滴蟲(chóng)病患者積極治療。
妊娠期用藥應遵循藥物說(shuō)明書(shū)[36]。妊娠期應用硝基咪唑類(lèi)藥物需權衡利弊,知情選擇,盡量避免在妊娠早期應用硝基咪唑類(lèi)藥物,在妊娠中晚期應用甲硝唑通常是安全的[1,19,28,37]??诜紫踹?g單劑量和口服甲硝唑7d方案均可在妊娠期應用[1]。
妊娠期推薦方案:甲硝唑,400mg,口服,2次/d,共7d;或甲硝唑,2g,單次口服。
3.哺乳期陰道毛滴蟲(chóng)病的治療:治療方案同妊娠期。由于哺乳期應用甲硝唑治療時(shí),在乳汁中可檢出少量甲硝唑,故選擇甲硝唑2g單次口服者,服藥后12~24h內避免哺乳,以減少甲硝唑對嬰兒的影響[19,28,38];口服替硝唑2g單劑量者,服藥后3d內避免哺乳[1,19,28,38]。
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